● Minor errors that do not affect interpretation may be corrected transparently.

● Material errors should result in a linked correction notice.

● Articles may be retracted when findings are unreliable because of misconduct or major error, plagiarism, unethical research or other serious integrity problems.

● Retraction notices should remain permanently accessible and linked to the article; the original record should not simply disappear.

● An Expression of Concern may be used while a serious unresolved investigation is ongoing.

● Pre-publication withdrawal requests should be considered reasonably; accepted/published content requires formal editorial handling.